Prepladder

Basic Concepts

55% | 47% | 25s /Q

Signalling pathways that trigger hypertrophy activate transcription factors such as
- GATA 4
- Nuclear factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT)
- Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2)
Glutaraldehyde is the most commonly used fixative for electron microscopy
10% neutral buffered Formalin is most commonly used fixative for light microscopic
Lipids in the tissue are detected by Oil Red O (histologic stain) #histology
Mallory bodies are composed of interwoven bundles of cytoskeletol intermediate filaments (cytokeratins)
The pancreas of fetus (of diabetic mothers) may undergo hyperplasia due to increased demand. This is because islets of pancreas have proliferative capacity during fetal development
Hydropic swelling reflects the acute, reversible cell injury Plasma membrane sodium transport is impaired due to unavailability of ATP
Cellular ageing is inflenced by:
- DNA damage -> causes mutatuin
- Telomere shortening -> cellular replication reduced -> cell loss
- Defective protein homeostasis -> Both normal folding and degradation of misfolded proteins are impaired with aging
- Dysregulated nutrient sensing -> Mediators may be reduced IGF-1 signaling and increase sirutins

48% | 57% | 19 s/Q

Breast does not undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia during lactation -> prolactin and estrogen only cause hypertrophy
- However during pregnancy and puberty it does undergo both
In Fenton reaction, iron is converted from ferrous to ferric form, and a hydroxyl radical is generated

Assessment of a Fenton reaction driven by insoluble tannins from pine bark in treating an emergent contaminant - ScienceDirect

Pleomorphic adenoma are the most common salivary gland neoplasms
- Mixed tumor - Epithelial + Mesenchymal component
- Warthin tumor is the 2nd most common neoplasm
- Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of salivary glands
Ground glass hepatocytes are seen in chronic hepatits B
- Autoimmune hepatitis features
  - Autoantibodies
  - IgG level increased (1.1x)
  - Histology of liver
    - In interface hepatitis: Lymphocytic/lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in portal cells and extending in the lobule
    - Emperipolesis: Active penetration by one cell into another and through a larger cell (cell within a cell)
    - Hepatic rosette formation
  - Absence of viral hepatits
Kayorrhexis is a feature of necrosi (irreversible cell injury)
Inflammasome is mediated by IL-1β
- It’s a cytosolic multiprotein complex consisting of NLRP-3 sensor, an adaptor and inactive Caspase-1 enzyme
- It’s triggered by NOD-like receptors (NLRs) that sense the ingested microbial particles
- NLRs signals activate IL-1β, cleaving it from precursor form -> biologically active form

77% | 65% | 21 S/Q

Micro-RNAs are non-coding RNAs 21-30 nucleotides in length
Metastatic calcification is prone to organs that have an internal alkaline component
Cellular maturation shows abnormal pattern in dysplasia which is preneoplastic
Abscess is a clear example of liquefactive infarct as a cavity is formed by liquefaction of solid tissue
Ghon’s complex is a lesion seen in the lung that is caused by tuberculosis
Nuclear features are hallmark of necrosis, other features like cytoplasmic swelling can be of both
Extracted DNA from apoptotic cells gives a ladder pattern in electrophoresis
Pyogenic Infection: infection that produces pus -
Pyroptosis causes highly inflammatory form of death

87% | 84% | 19s /q

Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes/zymogens
Platlet degranulation is a component of primary hemostasis
Councilman body - Apoptotic hepatocytes
FasL is not involved in INTRINISC PATHWAY
LC3 is involved in Autophagy
Efferocytosis: Apoptotic cell phagocytposis -occurs because of Cq1 coated that attracts macrophages